QR Code Basics
QR (Quick Response) codes encode arbitrary data into a 2D black-and-white pattern. They were invented by Denso Wave in 1994 for automotive parts tracking and have been an ISO standard since 2000. Modern smartphones decode them via the camera app ??no special app needed since ~2017.
Error Correction
QR codes include redundancy so they can be read when partly damaged or obscured. Four levels:
- L (Low) ??~7% recoverable. Maximum data capacity.
- M (Medium) ??~15% recoverable. Default; balanced.
- Q (Quartile) ??~25% recoverable.
- H (High) ??~30% recoverable. Use if you'll print on glossy paper, place outdoors, or overlay a logo.
Capacity
QR codes get bigger (more "modules") as you add data. A short URL fits in a small code that's easy to scan; a 1000-character paragraph produces a dense, large code. Keep URLs short ??use a URL shortener if needed.
Wi-Fi QR Format
The standard string format is: WIFI:T:WPA;S:<ssid>;P:<password>;; with optional H:true for hidden networks. iOS and Android scanners offer to connect when they see this prefix.
vCard Format
Uses version 3.0 of the standard. Major fields: FN (full name), N (structured name), ORG, TITLE, TEL, EMAIL, URL, ADR. Phone scanners offer to save the resulting contact.